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Review on Tax Expenditures for Small-and-Mid Sized Firms
  • - Byung Wook Jun (University of Seoul)
  • - Eugene Choi (University of Seoul)
[Abstract]
This study investigates the investment induction effect and employment creation effect of tax expenditures for small-and-mid sized firms, and reviews current those expenditures based on that investigation results. Moreover, this study also reviews recent tax laws amendments in view of those economic effects.
Small-and-mid sized firms have received relatively much smaller tax preferences than big firms, while most tax expenditures for small-and-mid sized firms are proved to have helped increase the investment and employment of those firms by the regression results of this study.
Recognizing such contritbutions of those tax expenditures, recent tax laws amendments appear not to be helpful enough to preserve the economic effects of those tax expenditures.
Therefore, most tax expenditures for small-and-mid sized firms should be vastly increased to induce those firms to feel favorable tax preferences and, as a result, increase investment and employment.
Technological Innovation in SMEs: Modeling the Role of Determinants
  • - Su-Jung Hwang (Keimyung University)
  • - Jin-Kyo Shin (Keimyung University)
[Abstract]
Many researchers have investigated variables related to determinants of technological innovation, but the results have not been united. The effort to investigate interaction between determinants of technological innovation is very insufficient in domestic and foreign studies. In this study to complement the limit in those previous studies, we drew technological innovation determinants of SMEs on the basis of the review of previous studies, actual condition survey results in Korean SMEs, and interviews with SMEs. Derived variables were classified into independence factors (entrepreneurship, R&D intensity, external networks, government¡¯s policy supports) and moderating factors (commercialization capability, Cross Functional Cooperation, innovative organizational culture) to design a study model and set up a hypothesis. To test the hypothesis, SMEs in Daegu-Kyeongbuk were surveyed and data of 173 cases was used for the actual analysis. The result tested by regression analysis is as follows. First, entrepreneurship, R&D intensity, external networks, and government¡¯s policy supports were positively related to technological innovation of SMEs. Second, moderating effects of commercialization capability with the relation between entrepreneurship, R&D intensity, external networks, government¡¯s policy supports and technological innovation were all significant. Third, moderating effects of Cross Functional Cooperation with the relation between entrepreneurship, R&D intensity, external networks, government¡¯s policy supports and technological innovation were all significant. Fourth, interaction between R&D intensity and the innovative organizational culture and interaction between government¡¯s policy supports and the innovative organizational culture for technological innovation had a significant effect. However, interaction between entrepreneurship and the innovative organizational culture and interaction between external networks and the innovative organizational culture did not have a significant effect.
A Study on the Changes in Financial Status and Management Performance Patterns of Small and Medium Sized Enterprises
  • - Cang-Ho Choi (Hansung University)
  • - Yen-Yoo You (Hansung University)
[Abstract]
The first, this study analyzed empirically the developmental trajectory of financial status and management performance as time goes on, the second, verified the effect of the developmental trajectory of non current assets originating risk and return on the developmental trajectory of sales founding management performance, and finally, tested the effect of the developmental trajectory of net income ratio, total assets turn over and debt ratio on the developmental trajectory of return on equity using a latent growth curve model in small and medium sized enterprises. The result of empirical analysis was as follows. Financial status (non current assets etc.) and management performance (sales etc.) increased linearly as time goes on. The developmental trajectory of non current assets had a positive effect on the developmental trajectory of sales in statistical significance level. Meanwhile, the developmental trajectory of debt ratio had no effect on the developmental trajectory of return on equity in statistical significance level, the developmental trajectory of net income ratio and total assets turn over had a positive and negative effect respectively on the developmental trajectory of return on equity in statistical significance level.
Resource-Based Strategies for Export-Discontinued Companies Re-penetrating into Global Markets
  • - Yun-Ji Ahn (Hanyang University)
  • - Kwang-Ho Park (Hanyang University)
[Abstract]
Export companies have a huge impact on national economic stimulation. However, small and medium sized companies (SMEs) are struggling both with the bad economic conditions of global markets and export competitiveness. Recognizing the importance of export companies on the growth of the national economy, the Korean government has offered various supporting policies. Although the number of export companies has increased, the number of export-discontinued companies is also increasing. There are two major reasons for this phenomenon. Firstly, the competitive advantage of SMEs in global markets has not increased enough due to an overemphasis on production innovation. Secondly, the government-supported policies are overlapped and not specific enough to deliver productive results. Accordingly, innovative strategies must be constructed for the SMEs with high product competitiveness but limited global capability. In the present research, we conduct an empirical study with a survey of 1,023 export companies that highlights the differences in capability between export-continuing companies and export-discontinued companies. After confirming that there exists a significant capability gap between the two groups, we evaluate the capability of export-discontinued companies with factor scores and classify three groups with cluster scores. By analyzing the issues involving government-supported policies for SMEs, and by investigating export barriers and disadvantages that prevent SMEs from entering global markets, it is expected that this study will present effective strategies for export-discontinued companies to acquire relevant global capability in order to reenter the global market.
Inward Licensing and Innovative Performance: Evidence from Korean Manufacturing SMEs
  • - Ji-Hoon Park (Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology)
  • - Jong-Seon Lee (Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology)
  • - Zong-Tae Bae (Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology)
[Abstract]
Open innovation through technological licensing has become an important mean for technology innovation in rapidly changing environment. This study examined the effects of inward licensing on innovative performance for Korean manufacturing SMEs. Also, we investigated the moderating effects of internal and external factors such as innovation/imitation-focused strategy and technological dynamism. Especially, this study utilized propensity score matching to control for endogeneity. Based on evidence from Korean Innovation Survey, we measured innovative performance as the percent of firms¡¯ total sales derived from products newly introduced or improved. The positive effects of inward licensing on innovative performance are statistically significant only in SMEs, but not significant in large firms. Also, inward licensing improves the innovative performance more when SMEs are pursuing imitation-focused strategy rather than innovation-focused strategy, when their industries are characterized as relatively high technological dynamism, and when their product industries are characterized as complex rather than discrete.
Research on the Effects of ion Elements of Traditional Markets on Attraction and Re-Visiting Intention and the Study of the Control Effects of Stores Mix
  • - Young-Don Son (Soongsil University)
  • - Kyung-Il Hyun (Soongsil University)
  • - Chun-Han Cho (Gyeonggi College of Science and Technology)
[Abstract]
The study perceives traditional markets as a kind of shopping mall because they are alike in that both are composed of various stores. Therefore, the factors in shoppers¡¯ ion of traditional markets should not be identified in the context of a single store but in an aggregated format. The study attempts to empirically identify the relationship between the known aspects of shopping mall ion and the attractiveness of traditional markets, which is measured in three dimensions including image, appraisal, and situational facets. Also, after classifying traditional markets into two varieties, those oriented in merchandise selling and those that are not where the portion of restaurants, fast food restaurants, and other service stores is larger than 70% of total stores, the study seeks to establish the mediating effects of market types between the aspects and the attractiveness. The results show that parking convenience, physical environments, and ambient factors positively influence the image attractiveness while parking convenience, essential benefits, and interpersonal interactions do so the appraisal attractiveness. To merchandise selling oriented markets, physical environment and ambient factors are crucial in image attractiveness while essential benefits and physical environments are in appraisal and situational attractiveness. In contrast, to markets oriented in non merchandise selling, notable aspects that have positive impact on image attractiveness are accessibility, parking connivence, physical environments, and ambient factors; parking convenience, interpersonal interaction, and ambient factors for appraisal attractiveness; parking convenience, and interpersonal interaction for situational attractiveness.
Case Study on Strategic Patent Development for Small and Medium Sized Enterprises Using R&D PMMS
  • - Seok-Hwa Jeong (Kumoh National Institute of Technology)
  • - Hoe-Kyun Shin (Kumoh National Institute of Technology)
[Abstract]
In today's global business environment, leading companies aim for the early domination of new markets with aggressive patent litigations based on strategic patents. However, Most small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs) focus more on production activities and are generally indifferent and oblivious to the threats incurred by competitors¡¯ patents.
To improve this type of environment, this study suggested a plan for acquiring powerful strategic patent rights based on the R&D Process Matching Management System (PMMS) for SMEs.
The analysis result clarified two things. The study provided a system of developing strategic patents. The development of strategic patents proceeds concurrently with the R&D process from the initial stages, focusing on obtaining protection rights for core technologies. In addition, the R&D efforts and patent-related efforts were combined in a practical level so that the times expended for developing and prosecuting the strategic patents may be reduced.
The first limitation of this study is that there was not enough standardizing work. Standardizing the factors for evaluating inventions is needed since different factors for each company serve as a criteria for ing strategic patents for each company. The second limitation comes from inadequate patent-related departments in SMEs, where there is a difficulty in preventing insufficient property rights.
In the future, the patent-related workforce in SMEs should be strengthened. Also, statistical data on the amounts of business investment and the numbers of patent applications need improvements for making policies.
Entrepreneurship on Virtuous Circle: Society, Company, and Individual
  • - Myungho Lee (KAIST)
  • - Soohun Kim (KAIST)
  • - Minhwa Lee (KAIST)
[Abstract]
Polarization of the world economy has deepened, thus the conflict structure has been intensified. Previous management exacerbated conflicting costs because it focused on conflicting viewpoints rather than a circulation one. Companies have been seeking to maximize profits, rather than social development. Thus, the lack of virtuous socio-economic circulation has deepened the social polarization. Lack of balanced distribution between company and workers has exacerbated labor disputes. More and more individuals are suffering from lack of meaningful motivation. Excessive focus on capitalism has signaled a red light on the sustainability and balance of business and the society. Therefore, an alternative for sustainable development, such as CSR, CSV, TBL, SPICE model, and Capitalism 4.0 has emerged. These new alternatives of sustainable entrepreneurship will be a reflection of the demands of the times.
Due to the social network, media development and smart revolution, the society in general is getting more transparent. Increased transparency would lead to build up of confidence in corporate by stakeholders and strengthen management based on mutual cooperation. Such changes can be a positive influence to winning-management strategies. There is a need for a transition to a new paradigm, one that includes novel value creation and a cycle of fair distribution. A new type of company is one that creates innovative value through the cooperation of stakeholders, and sustains development and growth through proper and fair distribution.
As a result, the entrepreneurship should be defined not as a static form of value creation or profit seeking, but rather as a dynamic circulation of value creation and distribution. In this study, a new integrated sustainable and virtuous circulation of entrepreneurship is proposed. Cooperation of society, companies, and individuals, to balance growth and distribution will resolve existing conflict and create a new paradigm of management. A more specific example is the ¡®value added statement¡¯ as an alternative solution for the new virtuous management.
The purpose of a company should not only focus seeking profits, but should also attempt to create a virtuous circulation of value creation and distribution. Innovation created by creativity of individuals should be achieved, well maintained and managed. This will strengthen enterprise innovation capabilities, which will be learned and maintained in a company. The company creates value for society and some of the value-addition is distributed back to the company. Through a series of such steps businesses and the society are able to sustainably expand. The new type of entrepreneurship is to be defined as ¡®value creating and distribution circulating leadership.¡¯ In short ¡®leadership of innovation¡¯ will be the new definition that aligns with the future entrepreneurship.
A Comparative Study on the Competencies between Gazelle and General Venture Companies
  • - Mee-Soon Lee (Korea Small Business Institute)
  • - Seung-Won Seo (Gyeonggi Regional office of Small and Medium Business Administration)
  • - Sub-Jong Joo (KT&G HRD Institute)
[Abstract]
While Gazelle companies have played an important role in the national economy, little empirical tests have been made to characterize the core competencies of those companies. This paper empirically analyzes the key factors of Gazelle venture companies¡¯ success from detailed survey data of venture companies in 2010.
It shows that Gazelle venture companies have the same characteristics with other fast-growing companies and are small-hidden champions in the areas of human resources, technology innovation, market orientation and new market exploitation, which gives a guideline for future study.
It also shows that the key element of competencies of Gazelle venture companies is the marketing capability based on technology innovation. Coupled with higher market orientation and strong brand power, they have recorded stronger performances than those of ordinary venture companies. They have more advantage in the area of technology competency, rather than the technology resource itself.
This paper contributes to generalize the empirical results with more broad data of venture companies. However, the construct idea was analyzed by considering just the representation variable and there is some area of improvement in scaling the individual indicators. Also, a more in-depth study is needed to develop the venture policy measures to upgrade the technology innovation-based marketing capability of venture companies.